1 What is photovoltaic power generation? What is distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Photovoltaic power generation refers to the power generation method that directly converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Photovoltaic power generation is the mainstream of solar power generation today. Therefore, solar power generation is often referred to now as photovoltaic power generation.

Photovoltaic distributed generation is a new type of power generation and comprehensive utilization of energy with broad development prospects. It promotes the principle of nearby power generation, nearby grid connection, nearby conversion, and nearby use, which can not only effectively improve the power generation of photovoltaic power plants of the same scale At the same time, it also effectively solves the problem of power loss in boosting and long-distance transportation. However, distributed generation also puts forward strict requirements on how to maximize solar power generation and how to ensure grid security, and the functionality and stability of photovoltaic inverters in this process are also extremely critical. Distributed power generation follows the principles of adapting measures to local conditions, clean and efficient, decentralized layout, and nearby utilization, making full use of local solar energy resources to replace and reduce fossil energy consumption.

The grid-connected mode of distributed power generation can be "self-generated and self-used, and the surplus power is connected to the Internet", or "collected and sold" (sold to the grid in full).

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2 Do you know the historical origin of photovoltaic power generation?

In 1839, when a 19-year-old French Becquerel was doing a physical experiment, he found that the current would increase when two metal electrodes in a conductive liquid were irradiated with light, thus discovering the "photovoltaic effect". In 1930, Lang Ge first proposed to use the "photovoltaic effect" to make solar cells to turn solar energy into electricity.

In 1932 Audubote and Stola made the first "cadmium sulfide" solar cell.

In 1941 Audur discovered the photovoltaic effect on silicon.

In May 1954, Bell Labs Chapin, Fuller and Pierson issued a monocrystalline silicon solar cell with an efficiency of 6%, which was the first practical solar cell in the world. In the same year, Wick discovered arsenic for the first time. Nickel has a photovoltaic effect, and a nickel sulfide film is deposited on the glass to make a solar cell. The practical photovoltaic power generation technology that converts sunlight into electrical energy was born and developed.

At the beginning of 2014, in order to implement the new requirements of the provincial party committee and government for targeted poverty alleviation, Jinzhai County of our province took the lead in carrying out the photovoltaic power generation poverty alleviation project in the province by implementing industrial poverty alleviation "to the village, to the household, to the person, and to the industry".

 

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3 How do photovoltaic cells generate electricity?

Photovoltaic cell is a semiconductor device with light and electricity conversion characteristics. It directly converts solar radiation energy into direct current. It is the most basic unit of photovoltaic power generation. The unique electrical characteristics of photovoltaic cells are obtained by doping certain elements in crystalline silicon. (such as phosphorus or boron, etc.), thereby causing a permanent imbalance in the molecular charge of the material, forming a semiconductor material with special electrical properties, free charges can be generated in the semiconductor with special electrical properties under sunlight, and these free charges are oriented. It moves and accumulates to generate electricity when its two ends are closed. This phenomenon is called "photovoltaic effect" or photovoltaic effect for short.

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4 What are the components of a photovoltaic power generation system?

Photovoltaic power generation system consists of photovoltaic square array (photovoltaic square array is composed of photovoltaic modules in series and parallel), controller, battery pack, DC/AC inverter and other parts. The core component of photovoltaic power generation system is photovoltaic module, and photovoltaic module is composed of Photovoltaic cells are formed in series, parallel and packaged. It directly converts the light energy of the sun into electrical energy. The electricity generated by photovoltaic modules is direct current. We can use it or convert it into alternating current with an inverter. From another perspective It can be seen that the electric energy generated by the photovoltaic system can be used immediately, or the electric energy can be stored by energy storage devices such as batteries, and released for use at any time as needed.

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5 Why is photovoltaic power a green and low-carbon energy source?

Photovoltaic power generation has significant energy, environmental protection and economic benefits, and is one of the best green energy sources. Installing a 1-kilowatt photovoltaic power generation system under the average sunshine conditions in my country can generate 1,200 kWh of electricity in one year, which can reduce the use of coal (standard coal). According to the research results of World Wildlife Fund (WWF): in terms of carbon dioxide reduction effect, installing 1 square meter of photovoltaic power generation system is equivalent to planting 100 square meters of trees. Currently, the development of renewable energy such as photovoltaic power generation Energy is one of the effective means to fundamentally solve environmental problems such as smog and acid rain.

 

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6 What do you think of the news that "manufacturing photovoltaic modules consumes a lot of energy"?

Photovoltaic cells do consume a certain amount of energy in their production process, especially the three links of industrial silicon purification, high-purity polysilicon production, monocrystalline silicon rod and polycrystalline silicon ingot production. Energy can be generated continuously during the period. It is estimated that under the average sunshine conditions in my country, the energy return of the photovoltaic power generation system in the whole life cycle exceeds its energy consumption by more than 15 times. The energy payback period of a 1 kW rooftop photovoltaic grid-connected system installed at the optimal inclination angle in Beijing is 1.5-2 years, which is much lower than the service life of the photovoltaic system. That is to say, the electricity generated by the photovoltaic system in the first 1.5-2 years is used to offset the energy consumed by its production and other processes. The energy generated after 1.5-2 years is pure output, so photovoltaic cells should be evaluated from the perspective of the full life cycle. energy consumption.

 

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7 What do you think of the news that "manufacturing photovoltaic cell modules will produce a lot of pollution"?

The production of photovoltaic cell modules includes several industrial chain links of polysilicon, silicon ingots, photovoltaic cells and photovoltaic modules. The reports on related pollution mainly refer to the raw materials of photovoltaic modules, by-products produced in the production of high-purity polysilicon, and the production of high-purity polysilicon. It mainly uses the modified Siemens method, which converts metallurgical grade silicon into trichlorohelium silicon, which is reduced to solar grade polysilicon by adding hydrogen, and silicon chloride is formed as a by-product, and silicon tetrachloride is decomposed into silicic acid when exposed to humid air. and hydrogen chloride, if not handled properly, it will cause pollution problems, but the improved Siemens method adopted by my country's polysilicon production enterprises can achieve closed-loop production, and the by-product silicon tetrachloride and exhaust gas can be recycled to achieve clean production. In December 2010, the state issued the "Access Conditions for the Polysilicon Industry", which stipulated that the recovery rate of silicon tetrachloride and chlorine gas in the reduction exhaust gas should not be lower than 98.5% and 99%. Therefore, the mature and improved Siemens production technology fully meets the environmental protection requirements. , will not cause environmental pollution problems.

 

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8 How much sunlight do we have available? Can it become the dominant energy source of the future?

The solar radiation received by the earth's surface can meet 10,000 times the global energy demand. The average annual radiation received per square meter of the earth's surface varies between 1000-2000KWH depending on the region. According to the International Energy Agency, in 4% of the world's deserts Installing a solar photovoltaic system on top is enough to meet the global energy demand. Solar photovoltaic enjoys a broad space for development, and its potential is huge.

 

 

Resources and Applications

 

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9 How is my country's solar energy resources distributed?

my country's total solar radiation resources are rich, with the distribution characteristics that the plateau is larger than the plain, and the western region is larger than the eastern region. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most abundant, and the Sichuan Basin is relatively inefficient.

Anhui Province is located in the eastern part of China. It is significantly affected by the monsoon and has four distinct seasons. It is a transitional area between warm temperate zone and subtropical zone. Plains, hills and mountainous areas coexist in its territory. Unique climatic characteristics. The north of the Huaihe River has a warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate, and the south of the Huaihe River has a subtropical humid monsoon climate. The province's annual average temperature is between 14-17 ℃, the average sunshine is 1800-2500 hours, the average frost-free period is 200-250 days, and the average precipitation is 800-1800 mm. my country divides solar energy resources into five types of regions. Anhui belongs to the middle area of solar energy resources, the north is the third type area, and the south is the fourth type area.

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10 What are the application forms of distributed photovoltaic power generation?

Distributed photovoltaic power generation includes grid-connected, off-grid and multi-energy complementary microgrids. Grid-connected distributed generation is mostly used near users, and is generally connected to the grid with medium and low voltage distribution networks. Or buy electricity from the grid when the power is insufficient, and sell electricity online when the power is surplus. Off-grid distributed photovoltaic power generation is mostly used in remote areas and island areas. It is not connected to the large power grid, and uses its own power generation system and energy storage system to directly supply power to the load. The distributed photovoltaic system can also form a multi-energy complementary micro-electric system with other power generation methods, such as water, wind, light, etc., which can be operated independently as a micro-grid, or can be integrated into the grid for network operation.

 

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11 Where is distributed photovoltaic power generation suitable for?

The applicable occasions of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems can be divided into two categories:

First, it can be promoted in various buildings and public facilities across the country to form a distributed building photovoltaic power generation system, using various local buildings and public facilities to establish a distributed power generation system to meet part of the electricity demand of power users Enterprises can provide production electricity.

Second, it can be promoted in remote areas, islands and other areas with little electricity and no electricity to form off-grid power generation systems or microgrids. Due to the gap in economic development levels, there are still some remote areas in my country who have not solved the basic electricity problem. In the past, the rural grid Most of the projects rely on the extension of large power grids, small hydropower, small thermal power and other power supply. The power grid extension is extremely difficult, and the power supply radius is too long, resulting in poor quality of power supply. The development of off-grid distributed generation can not only solve the problem of residents living in areas without electricity and low electricity For basic electricity consumption, local renewable energy can be used cleanly and efficiently, effectively solving the gap between energy and the environment.

 

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12 Which locations are suitable for installing distributed photovoltaic power generation systems?

Factory in the industrial field: Especially in factories that consume a lot of electricity and purchase electricity online, the roof area of the factory is usually large, the roof is open and flat, and it is suitable for installing photovoltaic arrays. Due to the large electricity load, the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system can Doing it for local consumption can offset part of the electricity purchased online, thereby saving users' electricity bills.

Commercial buildings: Similar to the effect of industrial parks, the difference is that commercial buildings are mostly cement roofs, which are more conducive to installing photovoltaic arrays, but often have requirements for architectural aesthetics. According to commercial buildings, office buildings, hotels, conference centers, resorts, etc. The characteristics of the service industry, the user load characteristics are generally higher during the day and lower at night, which can better match the characteristics of photovoltaic power generation.

Agricultural facilities: There are a large number of available roofs in rural areas, including self-owned houses, vegetable greenhouses, fish ponds, etc. The rural areas are often at the end of the public power grid, and the quality of electric power is poor. The construction of distributed photovoltaic systems in rural areas can improve the security of electricity consumption and improve energy efficiency. power quality.

Municipal and other public buildings: Due to the unified management standards, relatively reliable user load and business behavior, and high installation enthusiasm, municipal and other public buildings are also suitable for the centralized and contiguous construction of distributed photovoltaics.

Remote farming and pastoral areas and islands: Due to the long distance from the power grid, there are still millions of people without electricity in remote farming and pastoral areas in Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Sichuan and other provinces and coastal islands in my country. Other energy-complementary microgrid power generation systems are very suitable for application in these areas.

 

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13 What is a distributed photovoltaic power generation system combined with buildings?

The photovoltaic grid-connected power generation combined with buildings is an important application form of distributed photovoltaic power generation at present, and the technology is progressing rapidly, mainly in the installation method combined with buildings and the electrical design of building photovoltaics. The difference can be divided into photovoltaic building integration and photovoltaic building addition.

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14 What is the difference between the installation of photovoltaic arrays on the facade and the roof of buildings?

The combination of photovoltaic arrays and buildings can be divided into two ways: roof installation and side elevation installation. It can be said that these two installation methods are suitable for most buildings.

The roof installation forms mainly include horizontal roof, inclined roof and photovoltaic lighting roof.

Among them: the light array on the horizontal roof can be installed at the optimal angle to obtain the maximum power generation, and conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules can be used to reduce the investment cost of the modules, and the economic efficiency is relatively good, but the aesthetics of this installation method is general .

Sloping roofs can be used to install photovoltaic arrays in the northern hemisphere facing due south, southeast, southwest, due east or due west, and can be installed in the optimal orientation or near-optimal orientation on the sloping roof facing due south.

Photovoltaic skylights refer to building components that use transparent photovoltaic cells as skylights, which have good aesthetics and meet the needs of light transmission. However, photovoltaic skylights require transparent components, and the module efficiency is low. In addition to the transparent power generation components, the skylight components must To meet certain architectural requirements such as mechanics, aesthetics, and structural connections, the cost of components is high, and the cost of power generation is high.

Side elevation installation mainly refers to the way of installing photovoltaic modules on the south wall, west wall and east wall of the building. For high-rise buildings, the wall is the outer surface with the largest contact area with sunlight, and the photovoltaic curtain wall is more commonly used. a way of application.

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15 Can a distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system be installed in agricultural greenhouses and fish ponds?

The heating and heat preservation of greenhouses has always been a key problem for farmers. Photovoltaic agricultural greenhouses are expected to solve this problem. Due to the high temperature in summer, many types of vegetables cannot grow normally from June to September, and photovoltaic agricultural greenhouses are like adding outside agricultural greenhouses. A spectrometer is installed, which can isolate the red line, prevent excessive heat from entering the greenhouse, and prevent the light in the red band in the greenhouse from radiating outward in winter and night, which has a thermal insulation effect. Photovoltaic agricultural greenhouses can supply the electricity needed for lighting in the agricultural greenhouses, and the surplus power can also be connected to the grid.

In an off-grid photovoltaic greenhouse, it can be coordinated with the LED system to block light during the day to ensure plant growth and generate electricity at the same time. The nighttime LED system uses daytime electricity to provide lighting.

Photovoltaic arrays can also be set up in fish ponds, ponds can continue to grow fish, and photovoltaic arrays can also provide a good shielding effect for fish farming, which better solves the contradiction between the development of new energy and a large amount of land occupation, so agricultural greenhouses and fish ponds can be installed Distributed photovoltaic power generation system.

 

 

Policies

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16 What is "spontaneous self-use, surplus electricity connected to the Internet"?

Self-generated and self-consumption surplus power grid means that the power generated by the distributed photovoltaic power generation system is mainly used by the power users themselves, and the excess power is connected to the grid. It is a business model of distributed photovoltaic power generation. For this operating mode, the photovoltaic grid connection point is located at the user On the load side of the electricity meter, it is necessary to add a photovoltaic meter for reverse transmission of electricity or set the grid electricity meter to two-way metering. The photovoltaic electricity directly consumed by the user can directly enjoy the electricity sales price of the grid in a way of saving electricity bills, and reverse electricity transmission. It is measured separately and settled at the specified on-grid tariff.

 

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17 What is the policy of “Benchmarking Electricity Price for On-grid Photovoltaics”?

The photovoltaic grid-connected benchmark electricity price policy is based on the current cost of photovoltaic power generation and after considering reasonable profits. Photovoltaic project developers sell photovoltaic power to grid companies at such a price, which is higher than the local desulfurization coal-fired power generation benchmark. The difference in the electricity price is used to make up for the grid companies by sharing the whole network. The benchmark electricity price policy for photovoltaic grids is mainly applicable to large-scale photovoltaic power plants.

 

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18 What is the "subsidy per unit of electricity" policy?

The unit electricity quota subsidy policy is referred to as the kWh subsidy policy. It is subsidized according to the electricity generated by the photovoltaic system. It is mainly applicable to distributed photovoltaic power generation systems. Self-use photovoltaic power is not traded, and the state gives subsidies according to self-use power. In addition to the benchmark electricity price paid by grid companies for desulfurized coal thermal power units, the surplus on-grid electricity also enjoys the state's kWh subsidy.

 

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19 Is the subsidy method for "self-generated and self-consumed" electricity and "surplus electricity grid-connected" electricity the same?

At present, the national policy adopts a fixed amount of subsidy per unit of electricity for distributed photovoltaic power generation, that is, a subsidy fee is applied to all the power generation of the photovoltaic system, so whether it is self-generated and self-consumption electricity or surplus electricity, the same standard is subsidized.

The National Development and Reform Commission's Development and Reform Price [2013] No. 1638 file and the National Energy Administration Guoneng Xinneng [2014] No. 406 file clearly stipulate that the on-grid price of distributed photovoltaic power generation in the "all on-grid" mode is 1.0 yuan per kilowatt-hour in Anhui. Among them, the electricity price subsidy is 0.42 yuan/kWh, and the policy has been implemented for more than 20 years. Jinzhai County of our province adopts the "all-on-line" mode of photovoltaic power generation to ensure the income of farmers' power generation to the greatest extent.

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20 Are the subsidies for distributed photovoltaic power generation the same in different fields?

Encourage all kinds of power users, investment enterprises, professional contract energy management service companies and individuals as project units to invest in the construction and operation of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects. For distributed photovoltaic power generation, a fixed amount of subsidies is currently used for all distributed photovoltaic power generation. Therefore, The income of photovoltaic kWh is directly affected by the level of household electricity price. The electricity price for industrial and commercial use is 0.8-1.4 yuan per kWh, the electricity price for large industry is 0.6-0.8 yuan per kWh, and the electricity price for public institutions is 0.5-0.6 yuan per kWh. kWh, government schools, hospitals and institutions, agricultural electricity and residential electricity consumption are only 0.3-0.5 yuan per kWh, so the use of quota subsidies per unit of electricity has different benefits for distributed photovoltaic projects installed in different buildings or power users. It is up to the developer to judge and decide whether the project is cost-effective.

 

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21 Which departments should be consulted about policies related to distributed photovoltaic power generation?

For policies related to distributed photovoltaic power generation, the competent departments at the prefectural level and the county level should be consulted. The competent energy department of the State Council encourages the competent energy departments at the prefectural or county level to establish and apply for grid-connected access, commissioning and acceptance of grid-connected electricity in light of local actual conditions. Distributed photovoltaic power generation project filing, completion acceptance and other one-stop service systems that combine electricity fee and subsidy issuance and settlement, etc., simplify the handling process and improve management efficiency.

 

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22 How do users get the state's electricity subsidy?

The power grid enterprise is responsible for guiding and cooperating with the project unit to carry out the grid-connected operation and acceptance of the distributed photovoltaic power generation project, and signs an order and sales contract with the project unit.

Distributed power generation projects are subsidized according to the amount of electricity. The power grid enterprise shall settle the on-grid electricity fee with the project unit according to the on-grid electricity price stipulated by the state, and transfer the state subsidy to the project unit on a monthly basis for all the power generation of the project unit according to the state-regulated electricity subsidy policy. funds.

 

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21 How is the distributed photovoltaic power generation subsidy fund distributed to the owners?

Users purchase electricity from the grid according to the normal electricity price policy, and the excess photovoltaic power generation will be purchased by grid companies according to the local benchmark price of desulfurized coal thermal power. The power generation of the distributed photovoltaic power generation project cannot meet the electricity consumption of the corresponding power users If demand is needed, power grid companies must take responsibility for power supply just like ordinary power users.

Photovoltaic power generation projects can be built by power users themselves, or contract energy management methods can be used. Contract energy management companies should sign energy service agreements with power users in accordance with the state’s regulations on contract energy management. The self-consumption of photovoltaic systems by users does not form a transaction. For the self-consumption photovoltaic power installed by the project owner on the roofs of other power users, the project owner and the power user shall settle the settlement according to the contract energy management agreement.

For the power generation of the photovoltaic system, the power grid company is responsible for the measurement and statistics of the excess photovoltaic on-grid power. All the power generation of the photovoltaic system can be subsidized by the national electricity quota. The settlement cycle forwards state subsidy funds.

 

 

Application Process

 

24 How to apply to the grid company for access to the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system?

Distributed project owners submit an access application to the city or county customer service center of the power grid company after preparing the corresponding materials, and the customer service center assists the project owner to fill in the access application form. After the access application is accepted, within the time limit promised by the power grid company, The customer service center will notify the project owner to confirm the access system plan. After the project is completed, the owner will apply to the customer service center for grid-connection acceptance and commissioning. and commissioning work, after which the project can be connected to the grid for power generation.

 

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25 What should I do if the electricity generated is not used up? How to sell PV surplus electricity to the grid?

After signing the relevant agreement with the power grid company on the on-grid power, the power grid company will measure the inexhaustible on-grid power, and pay the project owner in time according to the price and subsidy standard stipulated by the state according to the electricity bill settlement cycle.

 

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26 Is there a fee for applying for access to a distributed system? What documents and procedures are required for individuals and enterprises to apply for a distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system?

The power grid company does not charge any fees for the acceptance of the grid connection applicant, the formulation of the access system plan, the review of the access system engineering design, the installation of the metering device, the signing of the contract and agreement, the acceptance of the grid connection and the commissioning of the grid connection, and the government subsidy measurement and settlement services. cost.

The following documents are required for natural persons and legal persons to apply for the grid connection of distributed photovoltaic power generation:

A natural person application needs to provide the manager's ID card and photocopy, household registration book, real estate certificate and other legal supporting documents for the project.

For a legal person application, it is necessary to provide the manager's ID card and a photocopy, the original of the legal person's letter of trust (or the legal representative's ID card and a photocopy), the enterprise law business license, land certificate and other project legality support files, and the government investment department agrees to the preliminary stage of the project. The approval of the work (need to approve the project), and the relevant materials of the preliminary work of the project.

 

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27 What issues need to be considered when connecting a distributed photovoltaic system to the grid?

The grid connection of the distributed photovoltaic system needs to consider the issues of safety, photovoltaic configuration, metering and settlement. In terms of safety, whether the switch of the grid connection point meets the safety requirements, and whether the safety of the equipment when the grid is abnormal or faulty can be reliably disconnected in the event of a power outage. Ensure personal safety.

In terms of photovoltaic configuration, the configuration of photovoltaic capacity, the selection of main equipment, the selection of access points, the realization of system monitoring and control functions, the configuration and installation of anti-islanding devices, etc.

In terms of metering and settlement, billing and settlement methods, on-grid electricity prices, materials, data and processes required to obtain electricity price subsidies.

 

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28 How to obtain the support of the community property and the consent of the neighbors when installing a photovoltaic power generation system?

At present, the issue of property rights is an important issue that needs to be resolved. Proof of consent from other owners, properties, and neighborhood committees must be provided, including written signatures of all neighbors of the unit and certificates of consent from the property and property committees in the community where they are located. stamp.

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29 If the grid is out of power or other failures occur, can the distributed function work properly?

After the power grid is cut off, the distributed photovoltaic power generation system will generally be out of operation and cannot generate electricity normally. However, in some extreme cases, an islanding phenomenon may occur, that is, the distributed power generation system will continue to operate with part of the load after the power grid is cut off, affecting maintenance personnel. Personal safety, and there is the possibility of damage to household appliances and power grid facilities, so the distributed system must have anti-islanding function.

 

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30 Does the local power company have a special person to accept applications for grid connection of distributed photovoltaic systems?

State Grid Corporation of China provides various consulting channels such as customer service center, 95598 service hotline, online business hall, etc. for the grid connection of distributed generation, and provides the project owners with the description of the grid connection process, the explanation of relevant policies and regulations, and the query of the grid connection work progress. Distributed photovoltaic grid connection can be consulted by the customer service center of the local power company, or contact the service hotline of the State Civil Grid Corporation for consultation.

 

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31 What is a turnkey project?

The general contracting of the design, procurement, and construction of the project, and the final direct handover for operation is called a turnkey project. For users of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects, provide full service and directly receive the entire project according to the process of on-site investigation and determination of access plan, engineering design and equipment selection, construction and completion acceptance, on-site grid-connected debugging, and grid-connected power generation. , put into operation, called turnkey project.

It is suggested that the governments at all levels shall conduct unified bidding to determine the supply and installation enterprises of photovoltaic power generation equipment, and the winning enterprises shall be responsible for supply, installation and commissioning, daily operation management and equipment operation training.

 

 

Project Management

 

32 How to manage distributed photovoltaic power generation projects?

The energy department of the State Council is responsible for the guidance, supervision and management of the national distributed photovoltaic power generation planning, and the local energy department is responsible for the construction, supervision and management of distributed power generation projects in the region under the guidance of the energy department of the State Council, and entrusts the national solar power generation technology centralized management unit to undertake technology, Information and engineering quality control work.

 

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33 Why do distributed photovoltaic power generation projects need to be filed? Can projects that do not require state subsidies start construction?

At this stage, distributed power generation still needs state subsidies. Assuming that 6 million kilowatts of distributed power generation are installed each year, the annual power generation will be at least 7 billion kWh. If the subsidy is 0.42 yuan per kWh, it will require several billion yuan. Filing is necessary. Distributed power generation projects are managed by the municipal or county-level energy authorities. If the project does not require state subsidies, the construction can be started after the filing management is directly implemented.

 

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34 How to file a distributed photovoltaic power generation project and what materials should be prepared?

The project unit submits the fixed asset investment filing form and the distributed power generation project filing application form to the prefecture-level or county-level energy authority, which should include the following materials:

 

(1) A project plan that complies with the relevant regulations for the installation of photovoltaic power generation systems in buildings and other facilities

 

(2) Proof of use of project land or roofs and other places

 

(3) Project grid-connected access opinions issued by prefecture-level or county-level power grid companies

 

(4) If the project adopts the contract energy management method, it is necessary to provide the energy service management contract signed with the power user and other materials

 

(5) Other materials provided by the local government as required by relevant regulations

 

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35 Under what circumstances might the filing fail or become invalid?

The city-level or county-level energy authority shall complete the filing review within 10 working days from the date of accepting the project filing application and notify the project unit of the review opinion. When the cumulative scale of the applied project exceeds the annual guidance scale of the region, the local energy director shall The department issued a notice to stop accepting the project filing application. If the distributed power generation project filing is not completed and put into production for no special reason within the validity period of the project filing, the project filing file will automatically become invalid.

 

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36 Can a registered project still apply for modification? How to change?

Under normal circumstances, the projects that have been filed cannot be changed at will. If special circumstances are encountered during the implementation of the project, the plan must be changed, and the plan change must be applied for according to the original declaration procedure.

 

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37 How to define the installation of distributed photovoltaic power generation system by individuals (households)? What preferential policies are there?

All power users, investment enterprises, professional contract energy service companies and individuals are encouraged to invest in the construction and operation of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects as project units.

In principle, the distributed photovoltaic projects installed by individuals are self-generated and self-used, the surplus electricity is connected to the grid, and the grid adjusts the surplus and deficiency. For the self-consumption photovoltaic electricity, the electricity consumption of the grid is automatically offset, and no transaction is performed. For acquisitions, individuals as a project unit build distributed photovoltaic facilities. In principle, the installed capacity of a single project is not greater than 30 kilowatts, and the provincial energy authorities can simplify project management as appropriate.

 

 

Design and Installation

 

38 What are the parts of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system?

The distributed photovoltaic power generation system consists of photovoltaic modules, photovoltaic grid-connected inverters, two-way metering energy meters and related spare parts.

 

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39 How to obtain local solar resource data?

For the photovoltaic system design, the first and very critical step is to analyze the solar energy resources and related meteorological data at the installation and use site of the project. Meteorological data such as local solar radiation, precipitation, and wind speed are key data for designing the system. At present, the meteorological data of any location in the world can be inquired free of charge for the NASA meteorological database.

 

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40 How to choose the grid-connected voltage of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system?

The grid-connected voltage of the distributed photovoltaic system is mainly determined by the installed capacity of the system. The specific grid-connected voltage needs to be determined according to the approval of the power grid company's access system. Generally, AC220V is used to connect to the power grid, and for commercial use, AC380V or 10kV can be connected to the power grid.

 

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41 What determines the installation inclination of photovoltaic arrays?

The installation inclination angle of the photovoltaic array is generally determined by the latitude of the installation site, and there are slight differences in various regions. In our province, it is generally 26 degrees plus or minus two degrees.

 

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42 How to determine the installation orientation of the photovoltaic array? What is the effect on power generation?

Since the main factor affecting photovoltaic power generation is the amount of sunlight, the modules should be installed in the direction with the most sunlight. Different installation angles also affect the power generation of photovoltaic modules. In our province, it is generally plus or minus 3 degrees to the south.

 

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43 How to choose photovoltaic modules?

Different types of photovoltaic modules can be selected according to the specific conditions of the installation site. The effective use area of the installation site determines the size of the modules. If you want to install larger capacity per unit area, you can choose high-efficiency modules, and you can also choose different types according to the appearance of the existing building. For the components of the frame, the connector length of the components is fixed according to the on-site series-parallel wiring method. The selection of components needs to comprehensively consider the installation area, installed capacity, cost and other factors. Generally speaking, it should be selected with good reputation, good quality, certification and warranty. Good after-sales service, component products with fire certification.

 

44 How to choose an inverter?

Generally, the inverter corresponding to the power segment is configured according to the requirements of the system. The power of the selected inverter should match the maximum power of the photovoltaic cell array. Generally, the rated output power of the photovoltaic inverter is selected to be close to the total input power. save costs.

 

45 For distributed photovoltaic power generation projects combined with buildings, how to consider the color, light transmission, size and shape of photovoltaic modules?

In terms of color, you can choose the color similar to the building as much as possible. For the light transmission, you should consider making full use of the building space and area, choosing the size and shape reasonably, doing a good job of balance and optimization, and professional technical design.

 

46 Should the wind speed be considered in the design and installation of photovoltaic arrays? How should building load and wind resistance requirements be considered when installing distributed photovoltaics?

When installing a photovoltaic array on the roof of a building, the load on the roof of the building must be considered. At the same time, the turbulence and speed change of the airflow after encountering the building will affect the safety of the photovoltaic array. Only by fully considering the local wind conditions, landforms, The terrain and the relative position of the building where the photovoltaic array is planned to be installed in the surrounding environment can ensure the safety of the photovoltaic array and surrounding life and property.

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47 How to decide the installed capacity of household photovoltaic power generation system?

The size of the installed capacity of the household photovoltaic power generation system depends on the load of the electrical equipment, the style of the roof and the area of the roof, and combined with the approval opinion of the power grid company to determine the optimal installation capacity. Generally, the installation capacity of a flat roof is about 70 watts\ Per square meter.

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48 How to estimate the power generation of a distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system?

To estimate the power generation of a photovoltaic power generation system, it is necessary to know the effective sunshine time, system efficiency, and system installation capacity of the system where the system is installed. You can also consult the photovoltaic system installer to get a more accurate power generation.

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49 After the distributed photovoltaic power generation system is connected to the grid, how to distinguish whether the current electricity used in the home comes from the grid or the solar cell modules of the home?

After the installation of the distributed generation system is completed, the power grid company will conduct grid-connected inspection and acceptance. After the acceptance is passed, two meters (or two-way electricity meters) will be installed in the owner's home. Electricity is independently metered.

Since the subsidy standard of the "all online" mode is higher than that of the "spontaneous self-use, surplus power online" mode, it is recommended to use the "all online mode" access method.

 

 

50 If there is continuous rain or haze after installation, will the photovoltaic power generation system still work? Will there be a lack of power or a power outage?

Photovoltaic cell modules can also generate electricity under certain weak light, but due to continuous rainy or hazy weather, the solar radiation illuminance is low, and if the operating voltage of the photovoltaic system cannot reach the starting voltage of the inverter, the system will not The grid-connected power generation system and the power distribution network operate in parallel. When the photovoltaic system cannot meet the load demand and does not work, the electricity from the grid will be automatically supplemented, and there is no problem of insufficient power and power outages.

 

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51 Will the electricity be insufficient when it is cold in winter?

The power generation of the photovoltaic system is indeed affected. The factors that directly affect the power generation are the radiation intensity and sunshine duration, as well as the working temperature of the solar cell module. It is inevitable that the radiation intensity will be weak in winter and the sunshine duration will be shorter. Generally, the power generation is higher than that in summer. There will be less, which is also a normal phenomenon. Distributed photovoltaic power generation is connected to the grid. As long as there is electricity in the grid, there will be no shortage of power and power outages.

 

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52 Will distributed photovoltaic access affect power quality?

Power quality refers to the quality of electric energy in the power system. The main AC/DC conversion component of the system is the inverter. The inverter will be put into production after passing the test of the power quality tester, so it will not affect the power quality.

 

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53 Can the electricity generated by the distributed photovoltaic power generation system during the day be stored for night lighting?

The power generated by the distributed generation system during the day can be stored for night lighting, which requires adding electrical components such as controllers and batteries. During the day, the controller stores the electricity generated by photovoltaics in the batteries, and at night, the controller stores the storage batteries in the batteries. The electricity is released for lighting. In the absence of energy storage equipment, the system will stop working if the power grid is cut off, but if the grid-connected inverter is replaced with a smart micro-grid inverter (a mix of grid-connected and off-grid) inverter), the system can still operate normally.

 

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54 Does the installation of photovoltaic power generation systems in existing buildings require additional wiring? How do I connect to the existing electrical system in my home?

The line of the photovoltaic system is divided into a DC part and an AC part. These two parts of the line need to be wired separately. The AC part needs to be connected to the power grid. The grid connection point is located at the user side meter position, and finally connected to the existing electrical system in the user's home.

 

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55 Where are the monitoring devices of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system installed, and will they occupy valuable indoor space?

The monitoring devices of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system are divided into large-scale photovoltaic power station monitoring, off-grid photovoltaic roof system monitoring and household roof photovoltaic system monitoring. The photovoltaic monitoring system can be installed outdoors and does not occupy indoor space. It can collect data from various links in the photovoltaic system with a variety of hardware products and supporting accessories, and transmit the data to the remote service platform for related data storage and analysis. Reports, graphs and other forms of feedback to the user about the system operation.

 

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56 What information does the design engineer need from the customer when designing the system according to the customer's requirements?

The information required by the customer during system design is divided into options and strong options. The mandatory options include the project installation location, building surrounding environment, building construction year, roof type, roof load, access voltage level and roof photos, etc. Optional options Parts include the average monthly electricity consumption, roof slab structure, CAD drawings, roof surface conditions, meter box photos, etc. Of course, the more detailed the optional part is, the more reasonable it will be to optimize the design and improve the power generation. .

 

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57 After the system is built, which unit will be checked and accepted? What should be paid attention to when accepting?

The acceptance is mainly organized by power grid companies, focusing on grid-connected electrical performance, project construction quality, component certification, inverter certification and technical parameters, lightning protection and grounding, fire safety, and component fire certification.

 

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58 How did the installation process work?

The installation process of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system is: foundation construction, bracket installation, component installation, combiner box, inverter, power distribution cabinet and other electrical equipment installation, connection line installation, grid access system and metering installation of the device.

 

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59 What electrical safety requirements should be paid attention to during installation? Will the leakage of electricity cause danger to the human body?

As long as there is sunlight, the photovoltaic modules will have electricity, so the power supply cannot be cut off when there is sunlight, and the corresponding ground voltage will also be high due to the series voltage and accumulation. Therefore, the system supply should be strictly observed during the installation process. The installation and operation manual proposed by the manufacturer is completed by professional installers. The wiring parts of the equipment are installed with professional connectors, the protection level is set to IP65, and the electrical equipment is also protected by air switches.

 

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60 How to meet the requirements of building thermal insulation and sound insulation when distributed photovoltaics are combined with buildings? Will it affect indoor lighting?

Different glass materials and structures are used to control heat insulation and sound insulation. The indoor noise of distributed system equipment is determined by the agreement between the user and the manufacturer to meet the needs of the majority of users. The sound insulation and heat insulation layer combined with the building can be designed to meet different requirements. User personalized needs.

Different cell and arrangement methods are used to adjust the light transmittance. When the distribution is combined with the building, the lighting area will be reserved, which will not affect the indoor lighting.

 

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61 How to prevent lightning for photovoltaic power generation combined with buildings?

Lightning is mainly divided into two types of hazards, direct lightning strikes and indirect lightning strikes.

Protection from direct lightning strikes: Setting up metal lightning conductors to the ground on tall buildings can release the charge of huge thunderstorm clouds.

Induction lightning protection: adding lightning protection devices to the photovoltaic system, that is, adding lightning protection modules to electrical equipment such as combiner boxes and inverters to protect against indirect lightning strikes.

 

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62 What is a two-way meter? Why do you need a two-way meter?

Two-way metering electric energy meter is an electric energy meter that can measure electricity consumption and electricity generation. Both power and electricity have directions. From the perspective of electricity consumption, electricity consumption is counted as positive power or positive electricity, and electricity generation is counted as negative power or negative electricity. Yes, the meter can read out the forward power and reverse power through the display screen and store the power data.

The reason for installing a two-way meter is that the electricity generated by the photovoltaic cannot be fully consumed by the user, and the remaining electricity needs to be transmitted to the grid, and the meter needs to measure a number. A number, ordinary single-piece meters cannot meet this requirement, so it is necessary to use a smart meter with a bidirectional metering function.

 

 

Operation and Maintenance

 

63 What are the common faults of distributed photovoltaic power generation system? What are the typical problems that can occur with various parts of the system?

The inverter cannot work and cannot be started because the voltage does not reach the startup setting value, and the power generation is low due to the components or the inverter. Typical problems that may occur in the system components include the burning of the junction box and the partial burning of the components.

 

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64 How to deal with common faults of distributed photovoltaic power generation system?

If there is a problem with the system during the warranty period, you can first call the installer or operator to explain the system problem, and the installer or operator maintenance company will answer according to the user's description.

It is recommended to set up an operation and maintenance center at the county level and a maintenance station in the township to facilitate timely maintenance and handling of abnormal faults.

 

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65 How long is the lifespan of a distributed photovoltaic power generation system?

The earliest photovoltaic power station in the United States was built in 1954, the earliest solar panels in my country were used on satellites in 1971, and the earliest photovoltaic power station was built in 1989, 26 years ago. For photovoltaic power generation systems without batteries, the design life is generally 20-25 years.

 

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66 How to reduce the maintenance cost of photovoltaic power generation system?

It is recommended to select the components and materials of the system that have good reputation and good after-sales service on the market. Qualified products can reduce the incidence of failures. Users should strictly abide by the user manual of the system products, and regularly test and clean the system.

 

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67 How to deal with the post-maintenance of the system and how often is it maintained? How to maintain?

According to the product supplier's instruction manual, maintain the parts that need regular inspection. The main maintenance work of the system is to wipe the components. In areas with heavy rain, manual wiping is generally not required. In non-rainy season, cleaning is about once a month. In large areas, the number of cleanings can be increased. In areas with heavy snowfall, the heavy snow should be removed in time to avoid affecting the power generation and unevenness after the snow melts, and timely clean up blocked trees or debris.

 

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68 Is it enough to rinse with water and simply wipe when cleaning PV modules? Is there a danger of electric shock by wiping with water?

In order to avoid the electric shock injury and possible damage to the human body caused by wiping the module under high temperature and strong light, it is recommended to clean the module in the morning or late afternoon. It is recommended to use a soft brush when cleaning the glass surface of the photovoltaic module, which is clean and gentle Do not use detergent, washing powder, etc. to avoid damage to photovoltaic modules. Use less force when cleaning to avoid damage to the glass surface. For components with coated glass, pay attention to avoid damage to the glass layer.

 

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69 How to properly utilize downtime for maintenance?

It is preferred to maintain the system in the early morning or in the evening when the system is not running in weak light. Before maintenance, take protective measures, wear insulating gloves and use insulating tools.

 

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70 How to find out if a PV module in the PV array is faulty?

When the user finds that the power generation of the system has decreased at the same time or compared with the same power generation system installed nearby, the system may be abnormal. If a component is faulty, contact professionals to diagnose the system with professional equipment such as clamp meters and thermal imagers, and finally determine the faulty component in the system.

 

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71 Will the shade of houses, leaves or even bird droppings on photovoltaic modules affect the power generation system?

The shade of houses, leaves and even bird droppings on the photovoltaic modules will have a relatively large impact on the power generation system. The electrical characteristics of the solar cells used in each module are basically the same. The so-called hot spot effect, the shaded solar cell module in a series will be used as a load to consume the energy generated by other illuminated solar cell modules, and the shaded solar cell module will heat up at this time, which is the thermal effect phenomenon, this phenomenon In severe cases, the solar modules will be damaged. In order to avoid the hot spot of the series branch, a bypass diode needs to be installed on the PV module. In order to prevent the hot spot of the series circuit, it is necessary to install a DC fuse on each PV string. Even if there is no hot spot effect, the shading of the solar cell will affect the power generation.

 

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72 In order to prevent the photovoltaic modules from being hit by heavy objects, can a wire protection net be added to the photovoltaic array?

It is not recommended to install iron wire protection nets, because the installation of iron wire protection nets along the photovoltaic array may cause partial shadows on the components, resulting in hot spot effects, which will affect the power generation efficiency of the entire photovoltaic power station. In addition, since qualified photovoltaic modules have passed the ice hockey impact test, the impact under normal circumstances will not affect the performance of the module.

 

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73 The sun is shining, and the vulnerable components are damaged. Do they need to be replaced immediately?

It cannot be replaced immediately. If you want to replace it, it is recommended to perform it in the morning or late afternoon. You should contact the power station operation and maintenance personnel in time, and professionals will go to replace it.

 

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74 Is it necessary to disconnect the photovoltaic power generation system in thunderstorm and lightning protection weather?

Distributed photovoltaic power generation systems are equipped with lightning protection devices, so there is no need to disconnect them. In order to ensure safety, it is recommended to disconnect the circuit breaker switch of the combiner box and cut off the circuit connection with the photovoltaic modules to avoid direct lightning strikes that cannot be removed by the lightning protection module. In order to avoid the harm caused by the failure of the lightning protection module.

 

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75 Do I need to clean up the photovoltaic power generation system after snow? How to deal with the snow melting and freezing of photovoltaic modules in winter? Can I step on components for cleanup work?

If there is heavy snow on the module after snow, it needs to be cleaned. You can use soft objects to push the snow down. Be careful not to scratch the glass. The module has a certain load-bearing capacity, but you cannot step on the module to clean it, which will cause hidden damage to the module. Affecting the life of the components, it is generally recommended not to wait until the snow is too thick before cleaning to avoid excessive freezing of the components.

 

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76 Can the distributed photovoltaic power generation system resist the hazard of hail?

Qualified components in the photovoltaic grid-connected system must pass strict tests such as the maximum static load (wind load, snow load) on the front side of 5400PA, the maximum static load on the back side of 2400PA, and the impact of hail with a diameter of 25MM at a speed of 23M/S seconds. Photovoltaic power generation system brings harm.

 

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77 How to deal with the temperature rise and ventilation of solar cells?

The output power of photovoltaic cells will decrease as the temperature rises. Ventilation and heat dissipation can improve the power generation efficiency. The most commonly used method is natural wind ventilation.

 

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78 Does the photovoltaic power generation system have electromagnetic radiation hazards to users?

Photovoltaic power generation system converts solar energy into electrical energy according to the principle of photovoltaic effect, which is pollution-free and radiation-free. Electronic devices such as inverters and power distribution cabinets have passed the EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) test, so there is no harm to the human body.

 

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79 Is there any noise hazard in the photovoltaic power generation system?

Photovoltaic power generation system converts solar energy into electrical energy without noise. The noise index of the inverter is not higher than 65 decibels, and there is no noise hazard.

 

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80 What problems should be paid attention to in fire prevention and fire protection of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems for households?

It is forbidden to stack flammable and explosive materials near the distributed power generation system. In the event of a fire, the loss of personnel and property is immeasurable. In addition to the basic fire safety measures, the photovoltaic system is specially reminded that it has self-detection and fire prevention functions to reduce the possibility of fire. In addition, fire and maintenance passages must be reserved every maximum 40 meters, and there must be an easy-to-operate emergency DC system disconnect switch.

 

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81 After the grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system fails, who should the user report to for repairs? Is there a unified service number?

If the photovoltaic system fails, the problem should be reported to the installer as soon as possible. The installer will deal with the fault in the shortest time. It is recommended to choose a big brand and a reputable installer. At the same time, an operation and maintenance center can also be established in various places, and the operation and maintenance center will repair it if there is a fault.

 

 

Quality Control

 

82 Why should we pay attention to the quality control of distributed photovoltaic power generation system?

First of all, distributed photovoltaic power generation systems are mostly combined with buildings. If there is a problem with the quality of the system, it may not only cause damage to the internal equipment of the power generation system, but also endanger the safety of building distribution stations and surrounding personnel. Secondly, distributed photovoltaic power generation systems are mostly For personal use, if there is a problem with the system quality, it may cause damage to the electrical equipment. Redistributing the power generation system is based on the power generation to obtain economic benefits. If there is a problem with the quality, it will affect the power generation and life of the entire system, and then affect the revenue of the entire system.

 

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83 Does the qualification of each component mean that the system integration does not need to be tested?

Although the photovoltaic power generation system is composed of various components, the qualification of each component does not mean that the system integration is qualified. The overall design and configuration, safety and operational performance of the system need to be tested and verified.

 

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84 How to choose qualified system accessories and how long is the warranty period?

It is recommended to choose system accessories products that have passed the national approval certification agency. The specifications, models and technical parameters of the system accessories products should comply with the design requirements of the entire system. Generally speaking, components require a five-year warranty, and inverters require a warranty of at least two years.

 

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85 What product certifications are required to obtain state subsidies?

In the power grid connection acceptance link, it is necessary to ensure that the completed photovoltaic power generation system meets the corresponding safety standards and quality requirements to pass the acceptance. The main equipment in the photovoltaic power generation system, including components, combiner boxes, inverters, etc., all require corresponding domestic certification.

 

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86 After a quality problem occurs in the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system, what maintenance procedure will the supplier follow, and how long will it take?

After a quality problem occurs in the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system, the on-site maintenance personnel need to judge the problem and give feedback to the supplier. The supplier usually sends engineers to the site to confirm the quality problem and solve it. If the quality problem is caused by key equipment, The supplier will contact the equipment manufacturer, and the engineer of the equipment manufacturer will usually come to the site for maintenance within one week.

 

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87 How does the owner roughly judge the pros and cons of his photovoltaic system? How should the suspected quality problem of the system be solved?

The owner can make a preliminary judgment from the following aspects. First, check the appearance of the system, such as components, arrays, combiner boxes, etc. If problems are found, they can take corresponding measures to solve them in time, and check whether the system components used by the power station construction contractor have quality certification. In addition, the safety of the system should be tested on site, such as the continuity of the ground wire, insulation, whether it has lightning protection devices, etc., and the electrical efficiency of the system should also be tested. If problems are found, the power station construction unit should be resolved in time. .

 

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88 How to judge whether the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system is stable, whether the power quality meets the requirements, and whether the system failure will cause damage to household appliances?

The distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system generally has the function of data monitoring. It can be judged whether the system is running stably by analyzing the monitoring data. If the conditions are met, the power quality analysis can also be used to test the power quality at the grid-connected point of the power station to see if it meets the national requirements. The standard requires that a protection device will cut off the power supply in the event of a general photovoltaic system failure, so it will not cause damage to household appliances.

 

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89 Is the power generation monitoring data of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system the same as the metering data of the electricity meter? How big is the error?

The power generation monitoring data of the distributed photovoltaic grid-connected system and the metering data of the electricity meter are not necessarily the same. However, the monitoring equipment used in the photovoltaic grid-connected system is often the equipment used by the system construction unit, and the metering equipment is often the equipment of the power department. Therefore, there may be some gaps in the data obtained by different equipment, and the error depends on the specific situation. The settlement of electricity charges and subsidy charges is based on the metering equipment installed by the power sector.

 

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90 How to monitor the power on the grid when it is connected to the grid?

At present, the grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system is mainly monitored by installing an electric energy meter approved by the local power department at the grid-connected point. In addition, the local power commissioning center can usually monitor the on-grid power of each grid-connected photovoltaic system through remote communication. The owner also It is possible to build a simplified information system by itself to monitor and optimize on-grid electricity.

 

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91 Can the power generation of the system be monitored online?

Each power grid enterprise cooperates with the energy authorities at the corresponding level and carries out the measurement, information monitoring and statistics of distributed generation within the coverage of the natural power grid. If the user's photovoltaic system is installed with a corresponding monitoring system, the power generation can be monitored online. In addition, the monitoring system can also monitor key equipment parameters, power quality, environmental parameters, etc. online.

 

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92 What are the currently licensed PV system and product testing and quality certification bodies in China?

The main certification bodies are: Beijing Jianheng Certification Center and China Quality Certification Center.

The main testing institutions are: Chinese Academy of Sciences Solar Photovoltaic Power System and Wind Power System Quality Testing Center, National Solar Photovoltaic Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation Eighteenth Research Institute, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation No. 811 Research Institute, Shenzhen Electronic Product Quality Testing Center, Yangzhou Optoelectronic Product Testing Center, etc.

 

 

Cost Effectiveness and Business Models

 

93 How to estimate the investment of household distributed photovoltaic power generation system? How long does it usually take to pay for itself?

Investing in the installation of a household distributed photovoltaic power generation system depends on two main conditions: installation capacity and system investment. The hardware of the photovoltaic power generation system (including photovoltaic modules, grid-connected inverters, wires, mounting brackets, meters, monitoring equipment, etc.) The cost will vary with the fluctuation of market supply and demand, technological progress and efficiency improvement in the photovoltaic industry, and is related to the size of the installed capacity. It is generally calculated according to the price per watt of the system, in addition to hardware purchases. In addition to the basic construction of the system, system installation, a small amount of costs incurred in the process of commissioning and grid connection, the larger the system installation capacity, the more basic costs in the cost structure will be diluted, which will reduce the unit investment cost.

Depending on the lighting conditions, user-side electricity prices, subsidies and system costs, the cost can be recovered in 3-7 years, and the electricity revenue generated by the remaining 18  years will become profit.

 

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94 How to estimate the operation and maintenance cost of distributed photovoltaic power generation system?

The operation and maintenance of the distributed photovoltaic power generation system is mainly the daily inspection of the mechanical installation and electrical connection of the system, the cleaning of photovoltaic modules, the replacement of some failed components and other simple operations, and the cost is relatively low. The cost is almost negligible, but the MW-level power station should budget 1%-3% of the maintenance cost into the total investment of the system, and the cleaning cost per square meter each time ranges from 0.5-0.8 yuan, mainly depending on the local area. The labor cost and the number of personnel providing operation and maintenance services.

 

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95 How to calculate the subsidy income of distributed photovoltaic power generation owners?

The subsidy income is divided into three parts, one is the state subsidy, the other is the electricity cost offset by the self-generated self-use, and the other is the purchase price of the desulfurized coal for the surplus electricity connected to the grid. State subsidy for power generation) * all power generation, part of the power generated for self-use, and part of the surplus power grid subsidy income (proportion of self-generated and self-consumption * local electricity price + state subsidy for distributed power generation + grid ratio * desulfurization coal purchase price) * total power generation.

 

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96 What are the construction and business models of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems?

The buildings and facilities on which the distributed photovoltaic power generation project relies should be legal. If the owner has the project unit and the ownership of the building on which the project is based, the owner can use the self-construction method. When the proprietors of the buildings and facilities relying on it are not unified entities, the project unit and the owners of the buildings and facilities shall sign an agreement on the use or lease of the buildings and facilities, and sign a contractual energy management service agreement with the power user depending on the funding method.

 

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97 What are the benefits of installing photovoltaic power generation systems for industrial and commercial users?

The advantages of installing photovoltaic power generation systems for industrial and commercial users are: large industrial and commercial electricity consumption, high electricity prices, a large proportion of spontaneous use, short payback period, and high yield. In addition, the photovoltaic system has social benefits of energy saving and emission reduction, which can help industrial users to complete the energy saving and emission reduction targets, at the same time, it can reduce the electricity cost of enterprises and improve the competitiveness of enterprises.

 

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98 Can users apply for bank loans to build a distributed photovoltaic power generation system if they have insufficient funds? What are the requirements for a borrower?

In addition to project capital and funds, you can apply for bank loan settlement. Recently, some banks and other financial institutions have begun to provide financial services such as loans to distributed users. Service Opinions", which clarifies the policies of the China Development Bank for the form and conditions of credit support for distributed photovoltaic power generation. Generally speaking, enterprises and institutions with good credit status and no major bad records, as well as natural persons with full civil liability, can Apply for a bank loan. At the county level, micro-loans and mutual aid funds can be used to solve the problem of financing difficulties for some farmers.

 

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99 What documents do I need to prepare for applying for a bank loan? What are the requirements for loan issuance?

Materials that borrowers applying for bank loans generally need to prepare, natural person identification, personal asset certificate or business license, company articles of association, financial audit reports for the past three years, project filing, grid access approval, land or roof lease agreement, electricity purchase Agreements, energy management contracts and other relevant documents. Generally, the project filing and the signing of power purchase agreements, energy management contracts and other related agreements should be completed before the loan is issued.

 

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100 What issues should be paid special attention to during the implementation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects?

The first is to select suitable poor households, and the selection of the extremely poor households that need support is the key point of photovoltaic precision poverty alleviation; the second is to choose a suitable installation site, and a variety of site selection methods can be adopted to ensure the maximum income of the installers and the maximum poverty alleviation effect. It is also an important factor to reduce the trouble of work; the third is to choose a good installation brand, which can guarantee the power generation; the fourth is to install in the power supply line and station area suitable for installation, and the station area after the rectification of agricultural power is more suitable for installation. Farmers close to the transformer are more suitable for installation. At the same time, pay attention to the fact that the photovoltaic power station should not be too far from the main line, and the power loss will affect the power generation efficiency.

 

(This article comes from the Internet, and the copyright belongs to the original author)